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Post as a guest Name. Email Required, but never shown. The Overflow Blog. Podcast Making Agile work for data science. When designing an application, all you need initially is the interface information in the package specs.
You can code and compile a spec without its body. Then, stored subprograms that reference the package can be compiled as well. You need not define the package bodies fully until you are ready to complete the application. With packages, you can specify which types, items, and subprograms are public visible and accessible or private hidden and inaccessible. For example, if a package contains four subprograms, three might be public and one private.
The package hides the implementation of the private subprogram so that only the package not your application is affected if the implementation changes. This simplifies maintenance and enhancement. Also, by hiding implementation details from users, you protect the integrity of the package. Packaged public variables and cursors persist for the duration of a session. They can be shared by all subprograms that execute in the environment.
They let you maintain data across transactions without storing it in the database. When you call a packaged subprogram for the first time, the whole package is loaded into memory. Packages stop cascading dependencies and avoid unnecessary recompiling. For example, if you change the body of a packaged function, Oracle does not recompile other subprograms that call the function; these subprograms only depend on the parameters and return value that are declared in the spec, so they are only recompiled if the spec changes.
The package specification contains public declarations. The declared items are accessible from anywhere in the package and to any other subprograms in the same schema. Figure illustrates the scoping.
The spec lists the package resources available to applications. All the information your application needs to use the resources is in the spec. That is all the information you need to call the function. You need not consider its underlying implementation whether it is iterative or recursive for example. If a spec declares only types, constants, variables, exceptions, and call specs, the package body is unnecessary. Only subprograms and cursors have an underlying implementation.
In Example , the package needs no body because it declares types, exceptions, and variables, but no subprograms or cursors. Such packages let you define global variables, usable by stored procedures and functions and triggers, that persist throughout a session.
To reference the types, items, subprograms, and call specs declared within a package spec, use dot notation:. You can reference package contents from database triggers, stored subprograms, 3GL application programs, and various Oracle tools.
For example, you can call package procedures as shown in Example , "Calling a Procedure in a Package" or Example You cannot reference remote packaged variables, either directly or indirectly. For example, you cannot call the a procedure through a database link if the procedure refers to a packaged variable.
The package body contains the implementation of every cursor and subprogram declared in the package spec. Subprograms defined in a package body are accessible outside the package only if their specs also appear in the package spec.
The prototype for creating a directory is shown below,. The prototype for granting access to the directories to the database users is shown below,. Feel free to ask questions on our Oracle forum. Verify experience! Anyone considering using the services of an Oracle support expert should independently investigate their credentials and experience, and not rely on advertisements and self-proclaimed expertise.
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